{"product_id":"molicel-p28a","title":"Molicel P28A 18650 2800mAh 35A Battery","description":"\u003cstyle\u003e\n.p28a-desc{\n  --bs-black:#000;\n  --bs-charcoal:#141414;\n  --bs-ink:#1f2328;\n  --bs-gray:#f3f5f6;\n  --bs-line:#d9dee3;\n  --bs-orange:#ef6f07;\n  --moli-red:#e00012;\n  --ok:#108a00;\n  --warning:#ffb100;\n  --danger:#c81825;\n  --white:#fff;\n  --muted:#66707a;\n  --radius:18px;\n  --shadow:0 10px 30px rgba(0,0,0,.10);\n  max-width:1180px;\n  margin:0 auto;\n  padding:22px;\n  color:var(--bs-ink);\n  font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;\n  line-height:1.45;\n  background:#fafafa;\n}\n.p28a-desc *{box-sizing:border-box;}\n.p28a-desc h1,.p28a-desc h2,.p28a-desc h3{line-height:1.12;margin:0 0 12px;letter-spacing:-.02em;}\n.p28a-desc p{margin:0 0 14px;}\n.p28a-desc .eyebrow{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;background:rgba(239,111,7,.12);color:var(--bs-orange);padding:7px 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rgba(0,0,0,.035);}\n.p28a-desc .faq-item h3{font-size:16px;margin-bottom:7px;color:#111;}\n.p28a-desc .faq-item p{font-size:14px;color:#3b4147;margin:0;}\n.p28a-desc .badge-row{display:flex;gap:8px;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-top:12px;}\n.p28a-desc .badge{display:inline-flex;border:1px solid var(--bs-line);background:#fff;border-radius:999px;padding:7px 10px;font-size:12px;font-weight:800;color:#222;}\n.p28a-desc .section.dark .badge{background:#181b1f;color:#fff;border-color:#30343a;}\n.p28a-desc .footer-source{font-size:12px;color:var(--muted);margin-top:22px;border-top:1px solid var(--bs-line);padding-top:14px;}\n@media(max-width:980px){\n  .p28a-desc .two-col,.p28a-desc .chart-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}\n  .p28a-desc .kpi-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr);}\n  .p28a-desc .app-grid,.p28a-desc .formula-grid,.p28a-desc .faq-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr);}\n  .p28a-desc .pack-flow{grid-template-columns:1fr;}\n  .p28a-desc .flow-box:not(:last-child):after{display:none;}\n}\n@media(max-width:620px){\n  .p28a-desc{padding:12px;}\n  .p28a-desc .hero{padding:22px;}\n  .p28a-desc .section{padding:18px;}\n  .p28a-desc .kpi-grid,.p28a-desc .three-col,.p28a-desc .app-grid,.p28a-desc .formula-grid,.p28a-desc .faq-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}\n  .p28a-desc .kpi b{font-size:24px;}\n  .p28a-desc .bar-row{grid-template-columns:88px 1fr 62px;}\n  .p28a-desc .hero h1{font-size:32px;}\n}\n\u003c\/style\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"p28a-desc\"\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"hero\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"hero-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"hero-copy\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e High-Drain 18650 Power Cell\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch1\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003eMolicel P28A 18650\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e2800mAh \/ 35A\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/h1\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"sub\"\u003eA professional-grade flat-top lithium-ion power cell built for applications that require high current delivery, strong voltage stability, compact 18650 sizing, and dependable thermal behavior. The P28A balances 2.8Ah-class capacity with a high 35A discharge rating for demanding battery-pack and device designs.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"cta-row\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pill orange\"\u003eTypical Capacity: 2800mAh\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pill\"\u003eNominal Voltage: 3.6V\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pill red\"\u003eMax Discharge: 35A\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pill\"\u003eStandard Charge: 2.8A\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pill\"\u003eFormat: 18650 Flat Top\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi orange\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e2800\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003emAh typical capacity\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi black\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e35A\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003emaximum discharge rating\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi red\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e6A\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003emaximum charge current\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi green\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e3.6V\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003enominal voltage\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi orange\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e20mΩ\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003eAC IR maximum\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"kpi black\"\u003e\n\u003cb\u003e46g\u003c\/b\u003e\u003csmall\u003etypical cell weight\u003c\/small\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"two-col\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Technical Overview\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e2.8Ah 18650 power cell optimized for high-current output.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Molicel INR-18650-P28A is a cylindrical, rechargeable lithium-ion cell positioned in Molicel’s Power Cell category. It is intended for high-load platforms such as power tools, garden tools, home appliances, compact battery packs, high-output lighting, robotics, RC systems, and other engineered systems where discharge capability is a primary selection criterion.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor product-page and engineering language, describe this model as a \u003cstrong\u003e2800mAh typical-capacity \/ 35A maximum-discharge 18650 cell\u003c\/strong\u003e. Because it is an unprotected flat-top cell, final safety depends on the charger, device, pack architecture, current limiting, cell matching, and thermal design.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"note\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eProfessional positioning:\u003c\/strong\u003e Use the P28A when the application needs more current headroom than energy-focused 18650 cells, while still maintaining practical 2.8Ah runtime in a compact 18mm cylindrical format.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003ctable aria-label=\"Molicel P28A technical specification table\" class=\"spec-table\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eSpecification\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eValue\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCell Model\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eINR-18650-P28A\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCell Type \/ Format\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eRechargeable lithium-ion, cylindrical 18650, flat top, unprotected\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCapacity\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2800mAh typical \/ 2600mAh minimum\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEnergy\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10.3Wh typical \/ 9.56Wh minimum\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eVoltage Window\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4.2V charge \/ 3.6V nominal \/ 2.5V discharge cut-off\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCharge Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e2.8A standard \/ 6.0A maximum; CC-CV charge to 4.2V with 50mA termination reference\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDischarge Current\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e35A maximum discharge rating\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCharge Time\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1.5 hour standard charge reference\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eInternal Resistance\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e20mΩ max AC at 1kHz \/ 20mΩ DC at 10A for 1s reference\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eTemperature Range\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eCharge: 0°C to 60°C \/ Discharge: −40°C to 60°C\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eEnergy Density\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e610Wh\/L and 220Wh\/kg from product data sheet; current product page lists 589Wh\/L and 219Wh\/kg\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDimensions \/ Weight\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e18.6mm max diameter \/ 65.2mm max height \/ 46g typical\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eProtection\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eNo integrated protection circuit. Use only with compatible electronics, protective holders, and\/or pack-level BMS.\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section dark\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Visual Engineering Summary\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003eElectrical operating envelope at a glance.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eThese diagrams translate the P28A’s published charge, discharge, voltage, capacity, impedance, and thermal limits into product-page visuals for technically oriented buyers.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e1. Cu\u003c\/span\u003errent Capability Stack\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eCharge and discharge currents shown on a shared 0–35A scale.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eStd. charge\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 8%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e2.8A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eMax charge\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 17%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e6A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e10A test\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 29%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e10A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e20A test\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 57%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e20A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e30A curve\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 86%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e30A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eMax\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e35A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"mini-axis\"\u003e\n\u003cspan\u003e0A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e17.5A\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e35A\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e2. Voltage Operating Window\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eCore control points for single-cell charging and discharge management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A voltage operating window diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 640 250\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#2a2e33\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"580\" y=\"35\" x=\"30\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect opacity=\".70\" fill=\"#c81825\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"128\" y=\"35\" x=\"30\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect opacity=\".95\" fill=\"#ef6f07\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"275\" y=\"35\" x=\"158\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect opacity=\".92\" fill=\"#108a00\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"157\" y=\"35\" x=\"433\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#d8dde2\" y2=\"112\" x2=\"610\" y1=\"112\" x1=\"30\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#d8dde2\" y2=\"122\" x2=\"158\" y1=\"102\" x1=\"158\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#d8dde2\" y2=\"122\" x2=\"392\" y1=\"102\" x1=\"392\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#d8dde2\" y2=\"122\" x2=\"590\" y1=\"102\" x1=\"590\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"148\" x=\"158\"\u003e2.5V\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"148\" x=\"392\"\u003e3.6V\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"148\" x=\"590\"\u003e4.20V\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#b9c0c7\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"174\" x=\"158\"\u003edischarge cut-off\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#b9c0c7\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"174\" x=\"392\"\u003enominal\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#b9c0c7\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"174\" x=\"590\"\u003efull charge\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#ef6f07\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M105 215 C215 178 335 178 456 215\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#108a00\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M472 215 C504 188 555 188 590 215\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" y=\"235\" x=\"285\"\u003eUsable discharge region\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#fff\" y=\"235\" x=\"532\"\u003eCC-CV charge region\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e3. Capacity and Energy Translation\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eTypical and minimum capacity values from the product data sheet.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eTypical\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e2800mAh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eMinimum\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 93%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e2600mAh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eTyp. Wh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e10.3Wh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eMin. Wh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 93%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e9.56Wh\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A energy formula diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 620 132\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#ef6f07\" rx=\"16\" height=\"78\" width=\"160\" y=\"22\" x=\"18\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#3a3f45\" fill=\"#181b1f\" rx=\"16\" height=\"78\" width=\"160\" y=\"22\" x=\"230\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#e00012\" rx=\"16\" height=\"78\" width=\"160\" y=\"22\" x=\"442\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"19\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"54\" x=\"98\"\u003e2.8Ah\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"78\" x=\"98\"\u003etypical capacity\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"19\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"54\" x=\"310\"\u003e3.6V\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"78\" x=\"310\"\u003enominal voltage\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"19\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"54\" x=\"522\"\u003e10.3Wh\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"78\" x=\"522\"\u003etypical energy\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"24\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"66\" x=\"204\"\u003e×\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"24\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"66\" x=\"416\"\u003e≈\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e4. C-Rate Conversion\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eA 2.8Ah cell converts current to approximate C-rate as shown below.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e0.2C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 2%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.56A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e1C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 8%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e2.8A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e3.6C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 29%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e10A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e7.1C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 57%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e20A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e10.7C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 86%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e30A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e12.5C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e35A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Discharge Behavior\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHigh-current output should be evaluated with voltage sag and heat rise in mind.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eThe published data-sheet discharge-rate family includes 0.56A, 2.8A, 10A, 20A, and 30A curves to a 2.5V cut-off at 23°C. The visualization below is a simplified product-page diagram of the discharge behavior; it is not a digitized test report or a warranty of runtime in a specific device.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e5. Discharge Rate Curve Family\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eHigher current increases voltage drop and moves the knee earlier in the discharge profile.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A discharge rate curve illustration\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 700 380\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fbfcfd\" rx=\"12\" height=\"260\" width=\"570\" y=\"34\" x=\"72\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cg stroke-width=\"1\" stroke=\"#e8ebef\"\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"86\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"86\" x1=\"72\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"138\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"138\" x1=\"72\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"190\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"190\" x1=\"72\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"242\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"242\" x1=\"72\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"294\" x2=\"167\" y1=\"34\" x1=\"167\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"294\" x2=\"262\" y1=\"34\" x1=\"262\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"294\" x2=\"357\" y1=\"34\" x1=\"357\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"294\" x2=\"452\" y1=\"34\" x1=\"452\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"294\" x2=\"547\" y1=\"34\" x1=\"547\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003cg font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#66707a\"\u003e\n            \u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"40\" x=\"52\"\u003e4.2V\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"92\" x=\"52\"\u003e3.7V\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"144\" x=\"52\"\u003e3.2V\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"196\" x=\"52\"\u003e2.7V\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"248\" x=\"52\"\u003e2.5V\u003c\/text\u003e\n            \u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"72\"\u003e0\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"167\"\u003e500\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"262\"\u003e1000\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"357\"\u003e1500\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"452\"\u003e2000\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"547\"\u003e2500\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"642\"\u003e3000\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"352\" x=\"357\"\u003eCapacity delivered (mAh)\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" transform=\"rotate(-90 18 170)\" y=\"170\" x=\"18\"\u003eCell voltage\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#108a00\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M78 55 C150 67 252 78 365 92 C468 105 555 112 612 128 C632 136 641 150 642 162\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#ef6f07\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M78 61 C170 76 285 91 402 109 C500 124 564 130 615 148 C634 158 641 177 642 190\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#e00012\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M78 72 C165 91 287 111 405 132 C505 150 570 158 618 179 C635 189 641 211 642 229\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#8f1d2c\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M78 88 C172 111 298 133 410 155 C510 175 568 190 608 213 C626 224 634 244 638 262\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#34383d\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M78 108 C170 133 289 156 398 182 C491 204 552 225 587 248 C606 262 617 279 623 294\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cg font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\"\u003e\n            \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fff\" rx=\"12\" height=\"106\" width=\"150\" y=\"48\" x=\"458\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n            \u003ccircle fill=\"#108a00\" r=\"5\" cy=\"70\" cx=\"475\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"75\" x=\"490\"\u003e0.56A reference\u003c\/text\u003e\n            \u003ccircle fill=\"#ef6f07\" r=\"5\" cy=\"92\" cx=\"475\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"97\" x=\"490\"\u003e2.8A nominal\u003c\/text\u003e\n            \u003ccircle fill=\"#e00012\" r=\"5\" cy=\"114\" cx=\"475\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"119\" x=\"490\"\u003e10A high load\u003c\/text\u003e\n            \u003ccircle fill=\"#8f1d2c\" r=\"5\" cy=\"136\" cx=\"475\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"141\" x=\"490\"\u003e20A high load\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e6. Estimated IR Voltage Drop\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eSimple Ohm’s-law illustration using 20mΩ DC reference. Actual sag varies with SOC, temperature, pulse duration, and cell age.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e5A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 14%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.10V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e10A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 29%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.20V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e20A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 57%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.40V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e30A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 86%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.60V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e35A\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e0.70V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Voltage sag formula diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 620 142\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#181b1f\" rx=\"16\" height=\"72\" width=\"170\" y=\"28\" x=\"18\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#ef6f07\" rx=\"16\" height=\"72\" width=\"170\" y=\"28\" x=\"226\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#e00012\" rx=\"16\" height=\"72\" width=\"170\" y=\"28\" x=\"434\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"58\" x=\"103\"\u003eVoltage sag\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"80\" x=\"103\"\u003eΔV\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"58\" x=\"311\"\u003eCurrent\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"80\" x=\"311\"\u003eI\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"58\" x=\"519\"\u003eInternal R\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"80\" x=\"519\"\u003e20mΩ reference\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"22\" fill=\"#111\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"70\" x=\"207\"\u003e=\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"22\" fill=\"#111\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"70\" x=\"415\"\u003e×\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Charge, Temperature \u0026amp; Cycle Envelope\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eThermal conditions strongly affect charge acceptance, discharge performance, and aging.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e7. Charge Profile Reference\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eCC-CV charge to 4.2V with 50mA cut-off reference; standard charge current is 2.8A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A charge profile diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 700 360\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fbfcfd\" rx=\"12\" height=\"246\" width=\"568\" y=\"36\" x=\"74\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cg stroke-width=\"1\" stroke=\"#e8ebef\"\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"85\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"85\" x1=\"74\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"134\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"134\" x1=\"74\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"183\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"183\" x1=\"74\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"232\" x2=\"642\" y1=\"232\" x1=\"74\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"282\" x2=\"216\" y1=\"36\" x1=\"216\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"282\" x2=\"358\" y1=\"36\" x1=\"358\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"282\" x2=\"500\" y1=\"36\" x1=\"500\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#181b1f\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M80 252 C150 205 216 154 280 112 C338 75 405 62 638 62\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath opacity=\".82\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#e00012\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M80 252 C134 180 198 116 256 82 C310 51 390 48 638 48\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#ef6f07\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M80 222 L360 222 C372 222 382 210 386 196 C398 154 400 94 404 48\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#108a00\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M80 130 L258 130 C270 130 282 118 286 100 C294 72 294 54 296 44\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#66707a\" text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"66\" x=\"54\"\u003e4.2V\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#66707a\" text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"236\" x=\"54\"\u003e0A\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"318\" x=\"358\"\u003eCharge time reference\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" transform=\"rotate(-90 24 168)\" y=\"168\" x=\"24\"\u003eVoltage \/ current\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fff\" rx=\"12\" height=\"76\" width=\"168\" y=\"174\" x=\"446\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#181b1f\" r=\"5\" cy=\"197\" cx=\"464\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"202\" x=\"480\"\u003eVoltage rises to CV\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#ef6f07\" r=\"5\" cy=\"220\" cx=\"464\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"225\" x=\"480\"\u003e2.8A standard charge\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#108a00\" r=\"5\" cy=\"242\" cx=\"464\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"247\" x=\"480\"\u003eHigher-rate reference\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e8. Thermal Operating Envelope\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003ePublished ambient ranges for charging and discharging.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A thermal operating envelope\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 700 330\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#cfd5db\" y2=\"105\" x2=\"630\" y1=\"105\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"4\" stroke=\"#cfd5db\" y2=\"205\" x2=\"630\" y1=\"205\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#ef6f07\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"252\" y=\"78\" x=\"378\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#181b1f\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"560\" y=\"178\" x=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"#6a7178\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"112\" y=\"178\" x=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect opacity=\".85\" fill=\"#e00012\" rx=\"27\" height=\"54\" width=\"252\" y=\"178\" x=\"378\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cg font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#66707a\"\u003e\n            \u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"70\"\u003e−40°C\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"182\"\u003e−20°C\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"294\"\u003e0°C\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"406\"\u003e20°C\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"518\"\u003e40°C\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"272\" x=\"630\"\u003e60°C\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003cg stroke-width=\"1\" stroke=\"#d9dee3\"\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"70\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"182\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"182\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"294\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"294\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"406\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"406\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"518\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"518\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"248\" x2=\"630\" y1=\"68\" x1=\"630\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"112\" x=\"42\"\u003eCharge\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"15\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"212\" x=\"42\"\u003eDischarge\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"16\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"112\" x=\"504\"\u003e0°C to 60°C\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"16\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"212\" x=\"350\"\u003e−40°C to 60°C\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"306\" x=\"350\"\u003eAmbient temperature operating range\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e9. Temperature Characterization Families\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eData-sheet discharge-temperature curves include cold-weather and elevated-temperature conditions at 2.8A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e−40°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 22%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003ecold limit\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e−30°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 35%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003ecold test\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e−20°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 50%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003ecold test\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e0°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 70%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003echarge min\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e23°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 88%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003ereference\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e60°C\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003eupper limit\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"note\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDesign note:\u003c\/strong\u003e Cold operation reduces apparent capacity and increases voltage sag. High-current packs should verify real load behavior at the lowest expected operating temperature.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e10. Cycle-Life Visualization\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eSimplified visual based on published 10A and 20A cycle-characteristic families at 23°C.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A cycle retention diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 700 360\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fbfcfd\" rx=\"12\" height=\"250\" width=\"570\" y=\"35\" x=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cg stroke-width=\"1\" stroke=\"#e8ebef\"\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"85\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"85\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"135\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"135\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"185\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"185\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"235\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"235\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n            \u003cline y2=\"285\" x2=\"184\" y1=\"35\" x1=\"184\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"285\" x2=\"298\" y1=\"35\" x1=\"298\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"285\" x2=\"412\" y1=\"35\" x1=\"412\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"285\" x2=\"526\" y1=\"35\" x1=\"526\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\u003cline y2=\"285\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"35\" x1=\"640\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003cg font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#66707a\"\u003e\n            \u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"41\" x=\"52\"\u003e100%\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"91\" x=\"52\"\u003e90%\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"141\" x=\"52\"\u003e80%\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"191\" x=\"52\"\u003e70%\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"end\" y=\"241\" x=\"52\"\u003e60%\u003c\/text\u003e\n            \u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"70\"\u003e0\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"184\"\u003e100\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"298\"\u003e200\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"412\"\u003e300\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"526\"\u003e400\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"308\" x=\"640\"\u003e500\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003c\/g\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-dasharray=\"7 7\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#ef6f07\" y2=\"135\" x2=\"640\" y1=\"135\" x1=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#181b1f\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M75 40 C115 68 175 78 248 86 C350 96 460 103 635 112\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003cpath stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#e00012\" fill=\"none\" d=\"M75 40 C118 74 176 86 248 96 C350 108 462 118 635 133\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"342\" x=\"355\"\u003eCycle number\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#3b4147\" text-anchor=\"middle\" transform=\"rotate(-90 18 164)\" y=\"164\" x=\"18\"\u003eCapacity retention\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fff\" rx=\"12\" height=\"64\" width=\"156\" y=\"50\" x=\"448\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#181b1f\" r=\"5\" cy=\"73\" cx=\"466\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"78\" x=\"482\"\u003e10A discharge\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#e00012\" r=\"5\" cy=\"95\" cx=\"466\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"100\" x=\"482\"\u003e20A discharge\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Mechanical Integration\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e18650 dimensional envelope for holders, sleds, weld fixtures, and pack CAD.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e11. Cell Dimension Diagram\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eUse maximum dimensions for fitment planning, not nominal product-photo measurements.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Molicel P28A mechanical dimension diagram\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 700 420\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003cdefs\u003e\n            \u003clineargradient x2=\"1\" x1=\"0\" id=\"p28a-cell-body\"\u003e\n              \u003cstop stop-color=\"#111\" offset=\"0\"\u003e\u003c\/stop\u003e\u003cstop stop-color=\"#32363b\" offset=\".45\"\u003e\u003c\/stop\u003e\u003cstop stop-color=\"#0c0c0c\" offset=\".75\"\u003e\u003c\/stop\u003e\u003cstop stop-color=\"#222\" offset=\"1\"\u003e\u003c\/stop\u003e\n            \u003c\/lineargradient\u003e\n          \u003c\/defs\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke-width=\"3\" stroke=\"#000\" fill=\"url(#p28a-cell-body)\" rx=\"58\" height=\"292\" width=\"140\" y=\"58\" x=\"280\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003crect fill=\"rgba(255,255,255,.06)\" rx=\"38\" height=\"252\" width=\"108\" y=\"78\" x=\"296\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ccircle stroke-width=\"5\" stroke=\"#ef6f07\" fill=\"#181b1f\" r=\"45\" cy=\"77\" cx=\"350\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\n          \u003ccircle fill=\"#e00012\" r=\"18\" cy=\"77\" cx=\"350\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\n          \u003ctext transform=\"rotate(90 350 183)\" font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"21\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"183\" x=\"350\"\u003eMOLICEL P28A\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"58\" x2=\"542\" y1=\"58\" x1=\"450\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"2\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"350\" x2=\"542\" y1=\"350\" x1=\"450\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"3\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"350\" x2=\"522\" y1=\"58\" x1=\"522\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M522 58 l-8 18 h16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M522 350 l-8 -18 h16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"20\" fill=\"#1f2328\" y=\"210\" x=\"568\"\u003e65.2mm max\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"3\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"382\" x2=\"420\" y1=\"382\" x1=\"280\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M280 382 l18 -8 v16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M420 382 l-18 -8 v16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"20\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"410\" x=\"350\"\u003e18.6mm diameter max\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#f6f8fa\" rx=\"18\" height=\"128\" width=\"150\" y=\"95\" x=\"54\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"132\" x=\"129\"\u003eFlat Top\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#66707a\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"158\" x=\"129\"\u003eUnprotected cell\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#66707a\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"184\" x=\"129\"\u003eExternal protection\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"700\" font-size=\"13\" fill=\"#66707a\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"204\" x=\"129\"\u003erequired by design\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e12. Pack Scaling Formulas\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eQuick reference for series\/parallel pack planning with P28A cells.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\" class=\"formula-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"formula\"\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003eVnom = S × 3.6V\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSeries count controls nominal pack voltage.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"formula\"\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003eVmax = S × 4.2V\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cspan\u003eFull-charge voltage for charger\/BMS selection.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"formula\"\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003eAh = P × 2.8Ah\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParallel count controls capacity and runtime.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"formula\"\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003eImax = P × 35A\u003c\/code\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTheoretical current before applying thermal, wiring, fuse, and BMS derating.\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"note\"\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eEngineering caution:\u003c\/strong\u003e Parallel-current math is a ceiling, not a design recommendation. Real pack output should be derated for temperature, voltage sag, cell age, welded interconnect resistance, BMS limits, and enclosure airflow.\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e13. Example Parallel Scaling\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eSingle-cell current capability scaled by parallel group count before system derating.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e1P\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 20%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e35A \/ 2.8Ah\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e2P\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 40%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e70A \/ 5.6Ah\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e3P\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 60%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e105A \/ 8.4Ah\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e4P\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 80%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e140A \/ 11.2Ah\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003e5P\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e175A \/ 14Ah\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e14. Common Series Voltage Examples\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eNominal and full-charge values for common pack topologies.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003ctable aria-label=\"Example series voltage table\" class=\"spec-table\"\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePack\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eNominal \/ Full Charge\u003c\/th\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3.6V nominal \/ 4.2V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e3S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10.8V nominal \/ 12.6V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e4S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e14.4V nominal \/ 16.8V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e6S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e21.6V nominal \/ 25.2V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e10S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e36.0V nominal \/ 42.0V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e13S\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e46.8V nominal \/ 54.6V full\u003c\/td\u003e\n\u003c\/tr\u003e\n\u003c\/tbody\u003e\n\u003c\/table\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section dark\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Protection Architecture\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003eUse the P28A inside a controlled electrical and thermal system.\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eThe P28A is a bare, unprotected lithium-ion cell. Product compatibility cannot be assumed from size alone. A safe battery system must control charge voltage, discharge cut-off, short-circuit exposure, overcurrent behavior, temperature, and physical cell isolation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"pack-flow\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flow-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eCell Matching\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSame model, age, SOC, and condition\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flow-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eInterconnect\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLow-resistance nickel\/copper path, spot welded\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flow-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eBMS \/ Protection\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOV, UV, OC, SC, balance, thermal sensing\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flow-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eThermal Path\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSpacing, heat spreading, enclosure airflow\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"flow-box\"\u003e\n\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cb\u003eSystem Load\u003c\/b\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003eValidated duty cycle and current limits\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e15. Suggested Control Threshold Map\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eUse manufacturer and application requirements when selecting exact BMS thresholds.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eOvercharge\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 100%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e\u0026gt;4.2V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eFull charge\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 92%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e4.2V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eNominal\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 68%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e3.6V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eCut-off\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 35%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003e2.5V\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\"\u003e16. Risk-Control Checklist\u003c\/span\u003e\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eMinimum controls for professional integration.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"badge-row\"\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eCC-CV Li-ion charger\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003e2.5V discharge cut-off\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eOvercurrent trip\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eShort-circuit protection\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eTemperature sensing\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eCell insulation rings\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eNo loose carry\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eSpot weld only\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eMatched parallel groups\u003c\/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"badge\"\u003eFire-resistant charging area\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Application Fit\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eBest suited for compact high-load systems where current delivery matters.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"app-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"app\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"icon\"\u003eTOOL\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePower Tools\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eStrong current capability for high-torque bursts, compact packs, and rugged duty cycles.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"app\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"icon\"\u003eRC\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eRC \/ Robotics\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eUseful where quick acceleration, high peak loads, and compact pack geometry are important.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"app\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"icon\"\u003eLED\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eHigh-Output Lighting\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eHigh-drain headroom for regulated lights that demand stable voltage under load.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"app\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"icon\"\u003ePACK\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCustom Packs\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"muted\"\u003eSuited to engineered packs with BMS, matched cells, correct interconnects, and thermal validation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e17. Selection Bias: Power vs. Runtime\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eRelative positioning inside the 18650 category.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003csvg aria-label=\"Power versus runtime positioning chart\" role=\"img\" viewbox=\"0 0 680 320\" class=\"diagram\"\u003e\n          \u003crect stroke=\"#d9dee3\" fill=\"#fbfcfd\" rx=\"14\" height=\"230\" width=\"540\" y=\"30\" x=\"70\"\u003e\u003c\/rect\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"3\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"230\" x2=\"590\" y1=\"230\" x1=\"90\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cline stroke-width=\"3\" stroke=\"#1f2328\" y2=\"56\" x2=\"90\" y1=\"230\" x1=\"90\"\u003e\u003c\/line\u003e\n          \u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M590 230 l-16 -8 v16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\u003cpath fill=\"#1f2328\" d=\"M90 56 l-8 16 h16 z\"\u003e\u003c\/path\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"294\" x=\"340\"\u003eRuntime \/ capacity focus\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"14\" fill=\"#1f2328\" text-anchor=\"middle\" transform=\"rotate(-90 25 155)\" y=\"155\" x=\"25\"\u003eHigh-current focus\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle opacity=\".88\" fill=\"#e00012\" r=\"38\" cy=\"110\" cx=\"224\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"18\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"106\" x=\"224\"\u003eP28A\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"126\" x=\"224\"\u003e35A \/ 2.8Ah\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle opacity=\".65\" fill=\"#66707a\" r=\"34\" cy=\"194\" cx=\"470\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"191\" x=\"470\"\u003eEnergy\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"11\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"207\" x=\"470\"\u003e18650\u003c\/text\u003e\n          \u003ccircle opacity=\".78\" fill=\"#ef6f07\" r=\"30\" cy=\"146\" cx=\"322\"\u003e\u003c\/circle\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"900\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"143\" x=\"322\"\u003eBalanced\u003c\/text\u003e\u003ctext font-weight=\"800\" font-size=\"10\" fill=\"#fff\" text-anchor=\"middle\" y=\"159\" x=\"322\"\u003ecells\u003c\/text\u003e\n        \u003c\/svg\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"chart-card\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003e18. Application Suitability Matrix\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"caption\"\u003eQualitative fit based on current requirement, thermal design, and pack-level protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eHigh drain\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 96%;\" class=\"bar-fill warn\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003eexcellent\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eRuntime\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 72%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003estrong\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eCold use\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 62%;\" class=\"bar-fill\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003everify\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003ePack builds\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 88%;\" class=\"bar-fill green\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003egood\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-row\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-label\"\u003eLoose carry\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-track\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv style=\"width: 8%;\" class=\"bar-fill black\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"bar-value\"\u003eavoid\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Ready-to-Use Product Page Copy\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eProfessional technical product description\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003eMolicel P28A 18650 2800mAh 35A Battery\u003c\/strong\u003e is a high-drain rechargeable lithium-ion cell engineered for applications that require substantial current output in a compact 18650 format. With a typical capacity of 2800mAh, 3.6V nominal voltage, and 35A maximum discharge rating, the INR-18650-P28A is well suited for power tools, high-output flashlights, robotics, RC applications, and custom battery packs that use appropriate protection electronics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe P28A uses a 4.2V charge voltage and 2.5V discharge cut-off, with a standard 2.8A charge current and 6A maximum charge current. The cell is supplied as an unprotected flat-top cell, meaning it does not include an integrated protection circuit. It should only be used by customers who understand lithium-ion handling requirements and can ensure proper charging, storage, short-circuit prevention, and device-level protection.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"safety\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSafety, Handling \u0026amp; Compatibility Notice\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLithium-ion cells can be dangerous if misused, mishandled, overcharged, over-discharged, short-circuited, stored loose, physically damaged, exposed to liquids, exposed to excessive heat, or used outside manufacturer specifications.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse only with a charger designed for rechargeable lithium-ion cells and the correct 4.2V termination voltage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not store or transport loose cells in pockets, bags, toolboxes, or drawers where they may contact metal objects.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not use a cell with a torn wrapper, missing top insulator, dented can, corrosion, leakage, abnormal heat, odor, or physical damage.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not solder directly to the cell. Use appropriate spot-welding methods for pack assembly.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDo not mix old and new cells, different models, different states of charge, or cells with unknown history in series or parallel packs.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eUse only in devices or packs with suitable overcharge, over-discharge, overcurrent, short-circuit, and thermal protection.\u003c\/li\u003e\n\u003c\/ul\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003csection class=\"section faq-section\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"eyebrow\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"dot\"\u003e\u003c\/span\u003e Frequently Asked Questions\u003c\/span\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eCommon technical questions about the Molicel P28A.\u003c\/h2\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-grid\"\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat is the capacity of the Molicel P28A?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe P28A is specified at 2800mAh typical capacity and 2600mAh minimum capacity, with typical energy of approximately 10.3Wh.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat is the discharge rating?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe cell is listed with a 35A maximum discharge rating. High-current use requires proper device design, short-circuit protection, and thermal management.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIs this a protected battery?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. The P28A is an unprotected flat-top 18650 cell. It does not include an integrated protection PCB, so protection must come from the device, charger, or battery pack electronics.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat charger should be used?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eUse a quality lithium-ion charger designed for 3.6V\/3.7V nominal cells with 4.2V termination. The standard charge current is 2.8A and the maximum charge current is 6.0A.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat is the correct discharge cut-off voltage?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe product data sheet lists 2.5V as the discharge cut-off voltage. Battery packs and devices should prevent over-discharge below safe limits.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCan the P28A be used in battery packs?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYes, when designed by qualified users with matched cells, proper interconnects, insulation, cell spacing, fusing or current limiting, balancing, and a BMS suited to the pack voltage and current.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCan I solder wires directly to this cell?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. Direct soldering can overheat and damage the cell. Use proper spot-welding methods for pack tabs and follow professional battery-pack assembly practices.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat are the cell dimensions?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe maximum dimensional envelope is 18.6mm diameter by 65.2mm height. Always confirm device compatibility because holders vary in spring force, tolerance, and terminal geometry.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat temperature range is allowed?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe published ambient range is 0°C to 60°C for charging and −40°C to 60°C for discharging. Performance can drop significantly in cold conditions.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eIs the P28A better for power or runtime?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt is primarily a high-power cell. It offers useful 2800mAh capacity, but its main advantage over energy-focused 18650 cells is current delivery and voltage stability under higher loads.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eWhat does 20mΩ internal resistance mean?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInternal resistance contributes to voltage sag and heat under load. At higher currents, even small resistance values can create meaningful voltage drop and thermal load.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"faq-item\"\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eCan I carry this battery loose?\u003c\/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo. Loose lithium-ion cells must be stored and transported in a protective case so the terminals cannot contact keys, coins, tools, or other metal objects.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp class=\"footer-source\"\u003eTechnical source basis: current 18650 Battery Store product listing, Molicel product page, and Molicel INR-18650-P28A product data sheet. Charts in this HTML are simplified product-page visuals and should not be treated as digitized lab data, warranty claims, or a substitute for application-level validation.\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003c\/section\u003e\n\u003c\/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0481\/9678\/0183\/files\/ChatGPT_Image_Jun_17_2026_05_30_40_AM.png?v=1781688646\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0481\/9678\/0183\/files\/ChatGPT_Image_Jun_17_2026_05_28_41_AM.png?v=1781688624\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0481\/9678\/0183\/files\/3252345234324235.jpg?v=1738987187\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0481\/9678\/0183\/files\/52346354643252435.jpg?v=1738987187\" alt=\"\"\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Molicel","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":48410147324149,"sku":"INR-18650-P28A","price":49.0,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0789\/8274\/2261\/files\/ChatGPT_Image_Jun_17_2026_05_28_05_AM.png?v=1784051015","url":"https:\/\/nortrano.com\/products\/molicel-p28a","provider":"nortrano","version":"1.0","type":"link"}